TLR4 Activator

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O55:B5)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O55:B5) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 activate TLR-4 in immune cells, exhibit high pyrogenicity, and demonstrate dose and serotype specificity. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 can be widely used to induce cellular inflammation and establish animal models related to inflammation.
It is recommended to prepare a solution with concentration ≥2 mg/mL. Vortex thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, silanized container or low adsorption centrifuge tubes should be used for aliquoting and storage, and mix thoroughly before use.

Zymosan (ZM), 95% is a yeast cell wall-derived carbohydrate-rich preparation and immunomodulator. Zymosan (ZM), 95% binds to and activates TLR-2, TLR-4, and Dectin-1 receptor to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Zymosan (ZM), 95% upregulates TLR-2, TLR-4, and TNF-α mRNA expression, increases serum TNF-α levels, and stimulates splenocyte number and viability in mice. Zymosan (ZM), 95% attenuates melanoma growth progression, modulates macrophage marker gene expression, and mediates phagocytosis, ROS generation, and cytokine production. Zymosan (ZM), 95% reduces Connexin 43 protein and mRNA levels, inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication, and induces proinflammatory factor production in human corneal cells. Zymosan (ZM), 95% induces peritoneal inflammation in mice, functions as a drug carrier, and supports fibroblast cell attachment in hydrogel formulations. Zymosan (ZM), 95% can be used for the research of melanoma, tumors, fungal keratitis, ocular surface inflammatory disorders, and peritoneal inflammation.

Kdo2-Lipid A ammonium is a chemically defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with endotoxin activity equal to LPS. Kdo2-Lipid A ammonium is highly selective for TLR4. Kdo2-Lipid A ammonium stimulates the release of both TNF and PGE2.

Methylchloroisothiazolinone is a widely used fungicide and also an aquatic pollutant with pro-inflammatory activity and neurotoxicity. Methylchloroisothiazolinone induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulating TLR4 expression, thereby triggering allergic contact dermatitis. Methylchloroisothiazolinone reduces cholinesterase activity and exacerbates oxidative stress by impairing catalase activity and disrupting redox balance. Methylchloroisothiazolinone poses significant harm to Mediterranean mussels, reducing the viability of hemocytes and digestive gland cells, inhibiting immune phagocytic function, and disrupting osmoregulatory capacity. Methylchloroisothiazolinone is used in studies on allergic contact dermatitis and related immunotoxicity mechanisms.

CCL-34 is a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activator. CCL-34 significantly induced dendritic cell (DC) CD83 expression and IL-12p70 production in a dose-dependent manner, thereby inducing DC maturation. CCL-34 enhanced the allostimulatory activity of DC on naive CD4+CD45+RA+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. CCL-34 further induced antigen presentation ability in mice inoculated with doxorubicin-treated colorectal cancer cells. CCL-34 can be used in studies of immune stimulation.

Lard oil is an orally active biochemical reagent. Lard oil upregulates PERK, eIF2a, CHOP, OPN, TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α, and downregulates GRP78 and IRE1a. Lard oil induces responses such as body fat accumulation, elevated serum insulin levels, increased HOMA-IR, hepatic ectopic lipid deposition, hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress, and hepatic inflammation. Lard oil can be used in studies related to diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Creatine ethyl ester (CEE) is a readily available form of creatine used in supplements. Creatine ethyl ester (CEE) upregulates TLRs (TLR2, 3, 4 and TLR7) over the short-term.